The Evolution of Finger: moving to a component based architecture

  1. Introduction
  2. Write Maintainable Code
  3. Advantages of Latest Version
  4. Aspect-Oriented Programming

Introduction

This is the fourth part of the Twisted tutorial Twisted from Scratch, or The Evolution of Finger.

In this section of the tutorial, we'll move our code to a component architecture so that adding new features is trivial. See Interfaces and Adapters for a more complete discussion of components.

Write Maintainable Code

In the last version, the service class was three times longer than any other class, and was hard to understand. This was because it turned out to have multiple responsibilities. It had to know how to access user information, by rereading the file every half minute, but also how to display itself in a myriad of protocols. Here, we used the component-based architecture that Twisted provides to achieve a separation of concerns. All the service is responsible for, now, is supporting getUser/getUsers. It declares its support via a call to zope.interface.implements. Then, adapters are used to make this service look like an appropriate class for various things: for supplying a finger factory to TCPServer, for supplying a resource to site's constructor, and to provide an IRC client factory for TCPClient. All the adapters use are the methods in FingerService they are declared to use: getUser/getUsers. We could, of course, skip the interfaces and let the configuration code use things like FingerFactoryFromService(f) directly. However, using interfaces provides the same flexibility inheritance gives: future subclasses can override the adapters.

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# Do everything properly, and componentize from twisted.application import internet, service from twisted.internet import protocol, reactor, defer from twisted.words.protocols import irc from twisted.protocols import basic from twisted.python import components from twisted.web import resource, server, static, xmlrpc from zope.interface import Interface, implements import cgi class IFingerService(Interface): def getUser(user): """ Return a deferred returning a string. """ def getUsers(): """ Return a deferred returning a list of strings. """ class IFingerSetterService(Interface): def setUser(user, status): """ Set the user's status to something. """ def catchError(err): return "Internal error in server" class FingerProtocol(basic.LineReceiver): def lineReceived(self, user): d = self.factory.getUser(user) d.addErrback(catchError) def writeValue(value): self.transport.write(value+'\r\n') self.transport.loseConnection() d.addCallback(writeValue) class IFingerFactory(Interface): def getUser(user): """ Return a deferred returning a string. """ def buildProtocol(addr): """ Return a protocol returning a string. """ class FingerFactoryFromService(protocol.ServerFactory): implements(IFingerFactory) protocol = FingerProtocol def __init__(self, service): self.service = service def getUser(self, user): return self.service.getUser(user) components.registerAdapter(FingerFactoryFromService, IFingerService, IFingerFactory) class FingerSetterProtocol(basic.LineReceiver): def connectionMade(self): self.lines = [] def lineReceived(self, line): self.lines.append(line) def connectionLost(self, reason): if len(self.lines) == 2: self.factory.setUser(*self.lines) class IFingerSetterFactory(Interface): def setUser(user, status): """ Return a deferred returning a string. """ def buildProtocol(addr): """ Return a protocol returning a string. """ class FingerSetterFactoryFromService(protocol.ServerFactory): implements(IFingerSetterFactory) protocol = FingerSetterProtocol def __init__(self, service): self.service = service def setUser(self, user, status): self.service.setUser(user, status) components.registerAdapter(FingerSetterFactoryFromService, IFingerSetterService, IFingerSetterFactory) class IRCReplyBot(irc.IRCClient): def connectionMade(self): self.nickname = self.factory.nickname irc.IRCClient.connectionMade(self) def privmsg(self, user, channel, msg): user = user.split('!')[0] if self.nickname.lower() == channel.lower(): d = self.factory.getUser(msg) d.addErrback(catchError) d.addCallback(lambda m: "Status of %s: %s" % (msg, m)) d.addCallback(lambda m: self.msg(user, m)) class IIRCClientFactory(Interface): """ @ivar nickname """ def getUser(user): """ Return a deferred returning a string. """ def buildProtocol(addr): """ Return a protocol. """ class IRCClientFactoryFromService(protocol.ClientFactory): implements(IIRCClientFactory) protocol = IRCReplyBot nickname = None def __init__(self, service): self.service = service def getUser(self, user): return self.service.getUser(user) components.registerAdapter(IRCClientFactoryFromService, IFingerService, IIRCClientFactory) class UserStatusTree(resource.Resource): implements(resource.IResource) def __init__(self, service): resource.Resource.__init__(self) self.service = service self.putChild('RPC2', UserStatusXR(self.service)) def render_GET(self, request): d = self.service.getUsers() def formatUsers(users): l = ['<li><a href="%s">%s</a></li>' % (user, user) for user in users] return '<ul>'+''.join(l)+'</ul>' d.addCallback(formatUsers) d.addCallback(request.write) d.addCallback(lambda _: request.finish()) return server.NOT_DONE_YET def getChild(self, path, request): if path=="": return UserStatusTree(self.service) else: return UserStatus(path, self.service) components.registerAdapter(UserStatusTree, IFingerService, resource.IResource) class UserStatus(resource.Resource): def __init__(self, user, service): resource.Resource.__init__(self) self.user = user self.service = service def render_GET(self, request): d = self.service.getUser(self.user) d.addCallback(cgi.escape) d.addCallback(lambda m: '<h1>%s</h1>'%self.user+'<p>%s</p>'%m) d.addCallback(request.write) d.addCallback(lambda _: request.finish()) return server.NOT_DONE_YET class UserStatusXR(xmlrpc.XMLRPC): def __init__(self, service): xmlrpc.XMLRPC.__init__(self) self.service = service def xmlrpc_getUser(self, user): return self.service.getUser(user) class FingerService(service.Service): implements(IFingerService) def __init__(self, filename): self.filename = filename self.users = {} def _read(self): self.users.clear() for line in file(self.filename): user, status = line.split(':', 1) user = user.strip() status = status.strip() self.users[user] = status self.call = reactor.callLater(30, self._read) def getUser(self, user): return defer.succeed(self.users.get(user, "No such user")) def getUsers(self): return defer.succeed(self.users.keys()) def startService(self): self._read() service.Service.startService(self) def stopService(self): service.Service.stopService(self) self.call.cancel() application = service.Application('finger', uid=1, gid=1) f = FingerService('/etc/users') serviceCollection = service.IServiceCollection(application) internet.TCPServer(79, IFingerFactory(f) ).setServiceParent(serviceCollection) internet.TCPServer(8000, server.Site(resource.IResource(f)) ).setServiceParent(serviceCollection) i = IIRCClientFactory(f) i.nickname = 'fingerbot' internet.TCPClient('irc.freenode.org', 6667, i ).setServiceParent(serviceCollection)

Advantages of Latest Version

  • Readable -- each class is short
  • Maintainable -- each class knows only about interfaces
  • Dependencies between code parts are minimized
  • Example: writing a new IFingerService is easy

Full source code here:

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# Do everything properly, and componentize from twisted.application import internet, service from twisted.internet import protocol, reactor, defer from twisted.words.protocols import irc from twisted.protocols import basic from twisted.python import components from twisted.web import resource, server, static, xmlrpc from zope.interface import Interface, implements import cgi class IFingerService(Interface): def getUser(user): """Return a deferred returning a string""" def getUsers(): """Return a deferred returning a list of strings""" class IFingerSetterService(Interface): def setUser(user, status): """Set the user's status to something""" def catchError(err): return "Internal error in server" class FingerProtocol(basic.LineReceiver): def lineReceived(self, user): d = self.factory.getUser(user) d.addErrback(catchError) def writeValue(value): self.transport.write(value+'\r\n') self.transport.loseConnection() d.addCallback(writeValue) class IFingerFactory(Interface): def getUser(user): """Return a deferred returning a string""" def buildProtocol(addr): """Return a protocol returning a string""" class FingerFactoryFromService(protocol.ServerFactory): implements(IFingerFactory) protocol = FingerProtocol def __init__(self, service): self.service = service def getUser(self, user): return self.service.getUser(user) components.registerAdapter(FingerFactoryFromService, IFingerService, IFingerFactory) class FingerSetterProtocol(basic.LineReceiver): def connectionMade(self): self.lines = [] def lineReceived(self, line): self.lines.append(line) def connectionLost(self, reason): if len(self.lines) == 2: self.factory.setUser(*self.lines) class IFingerSetterFactory(Interface): def setUser(user, status): """Return a deferred returning a string""" def buildProtocol(addr): """Return a protocol returning a string""" class FingerSetterFactoryFromService(protocol.ServerFactory): implements(IFingerSetterFactory) protocol = FingerSetterProtocol def __init__(self, service): self.service = service def setUser(self, user, status): self.service.setUser(user, status) components.registerAdapter(FingerSetterFactoryFromService, IFingerSetterService, IFingerSetterFactory) class IRCReplyBot(irc.IRCClient): def connectionMade(self): self.nickname = self.factory.nickname irc.IRCClient.connectionMade(self) def privmsg(self, user, channel, msg): user = user.split('!')[0] if self.nickname.lower() == channel.lower(): d = self.factory.getUser(msg) d.addErrback(catchError) d.addCallback(lambda m: "Status of %s: %s" % (msg, m)) d.addCallback(lambda m: self.msg(user, m)) class IIRCClientFactory(Interface): """ @ivar nickname """ def getUser(user): """Return a deferred returning a string""" def buildProtocol(addr): """Return a protocol""" class IRCClientFactoryFromService(protocol.ClientFactory): implements(IIRCClientFactory) protocol = IRCReplyBot nickname = None def __init__(self, service): self.service = service def getUser(self, user): return self.service.getUser(user) components.registerAdapter(IRCClientFactoryFromService, IFingerService, IIRCClientFactory) class UserStatusTree(resource.Resource): implements(resource.IResource) def __init__(self, service): resource.Resource.__init__(self) self.service = service self.putChild('RPC2', UserStatusXR(self.service)) def render_GET(self, request): d = self.service.getUsers() def formatUsers(users): l = ['<li><a href="%s">%s</a></li>' % (user, user) for user in users] return '<ul>'+''.join(l)+'</ul>' d.addCallback(formatUsers) d.addCallback(request.write) d.addCallback(lambda _: request.finish()) return server.NOT_DONE_YET def getChild(self, path, request): if path=="": return UserStatusTree(self.service) else: return UserStatus(path, self.service) components.registerAdapter(UserStatusTree, IFingerService, resource.IResource) class UserStatus(resource.Resource): def __init__(self, user, service): resource.Resource.__init__(self) self.user = user self.service = service def render_GET(self, request): d = self.service.getUser(self.user) d.addCallback(cgi.escape) d.addCallback(lambda m: '<h1>%s</h1>'%self.user+'<p>%s</p>'%m) d.addCallback(request.write) d.addCallback(lambda _: request.finish()) return server.NOT_DONE_YET class UserStatusXR(xmlrpc.XMLRPC): def __init__(self, service): xmlrpc.XMLRPC.__init__(self) self.service = service def xmlrpc_getUser(self, user): return self.service.getUser(user) class MemoryFingerService(service.Service): implements([IFingerService, IFingerSetterService]) def __init__(self, **kwargs): self.users = kwargs def getUser(self, user): return defer.succeed(self.users.get(user, "No such user")) def getUsers(self): return defer.succeed(self.users.keys()) def setUser(self, user, status): self.users[user] = status application = service.Application('finger', uid=1, gid=1) f = MemoryFingerService(moshez='Happy and well') serviceCollection = service.IServiceCollection(application) internet.TCPServer(79, IFingerFactory(f) ).setServiceParent(serviceCollection) internet.TCPServer(8000, server.Site(resource.IResource(f)) ).setServiceParent(serviceCollection) i = IIRCClientFactory(f) i.nickname = 'fingerbot' internet.TCPClient('irc.freenode.org', 6667, i ).setServiceParent(serviceCollection) internet.TCPServer(1079, IFingerSetterFactory(f), interface='127.0.0.1' ).setServiceParent(serviceCollection)

Aspect-Oriented Programming

At last, an example of aspect-oriented programming that isn't about logging or timing. This code is actually useful! Watch how aspect-oriented programming helps you write less code and have fewer dependencies!

Index

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