root / trunk / twisted / internet / process.py

# -*- test-case-name: twisted.test.test_process -*-
# Copyright (c) 2001-2009 Twisted Matrix Laboratories.
# See LICENSE for details.

"""
UNIX Process management.

Do NOT use this module directly - use reactor.spawnProcess() instead.

Maintainer: Itamar Shtull-Trauring
"""

# System Imports
import gc, os, sys, traceback, select, signal, errno
import warnings

try:
    import pty
except ImportError:
    pty = None

try:
    import fcntl, termios
except ImportError:
    fcntl = None

from twisted.persisted import styles
from twisted.python import log, failure
from twisted.python.util import switchUID
from twisted.internet import fdesc, abstract, error
from twisted.internet.main import CONNECTION_LOST, CONNECTION_DONE
from twisted.internet._baseprocess import BaseProcess

# Some people were importing this, which is incorrect, just keeping it
# here for backwards compatibility:
ProcessExitedAlready = error.ProcessExitedAlready

reapProcessHandlers = {}

def reapAllProcesses():
    """
    Reap all registered processes.
    """
    for process in reapProcessHandlers.values():
        process.reapProcess()


def registerReapProcessHandler(pid, process):
    """
    Register a process handler for the given pid, in case L{reapAllProcesses}
    is called.

    @param pid: the pid of the process.
    @param process: a process handler.
    """
    if pid in reapProcessHandlers:
        raise RuntimeError("Try to register an already registered process.")
    try:
        auxPID, status = os.waitpid(pid, os.WNOHANG)
    except:
        log.msg('Failed to reap %d:' % pid)
        log.err()
        auxPID = None
    if auxPID:
        process.processEnded(status)
    else:
        # if auxPID is 0, there are children but none have exited
        reapProcessHandlers[pid] = process


def unregisterReapProcessHandler(pid, process):
    """
    Unregister a process handler previously registered with
    L{registerReapProcessHandler}.
    """
    if not (pid in reapProcessHandlers
            and reapProcessHandlers[pid] == process):
        raise RuntimeError("Try to unregister a process not registered.")
    del reapProcessHandlers[pid]


def detectLinuxBrokenPipeBehavior():
    """
    On some Linux version, write-only pipe are detected as readable. This
    function is here to check if this bug is present or not.

    See L{ProcessWriter.doRead} for a more detailed explanation.
    """
    global brokenLinuxPipeBehavior
    r, w = os.pipe()
    os.write(w, 'a')
    reads, writes, exes = select.select([w], [], [], 0)
    if reads:
        # Linux < 2.6.11 says a write-only pipe is readable.
        brokenLinuxPipeBehavior = True
    else:
        brokenLinuxPipeBehavior = False
    os.close(r)
    os.close(w)

# Call at import time
detectLinuxBrokenPipeBehavior()


class ProcessWriter(abstract.FileDescriptor):
    """
    (Internal) Helper class to write into a Process's input pipe.

    I am a helper which describes a selectable asynchronous writer to a
    process's input pipe, including stdin.
    """
    connected = 1
    ic = 0
    enableReadHack = False

    def __init__(self, reactor, proc, name, fileno, forceReadHack=False):
        """
        Initialize, specifying a Process instance to connect to.
        """
        abstract.FileDescriptor.__init__(self, reactor)
        fdesc.setNonBlocking(fileno)
        self.proc = proc
        self.name = name
        self.fd = fileno

        if forceReadHack:
            self.enableReadHack = True
        else:
            # Detect if this fd is actually a write-only fd. If it's
            # valid to read, don't try to detect closing via read.
            # This really only means that we cannot detect a TTY's write
            # pipe being closed.
            try:
                os.read(self.fileno(), 0)
            except OSError:
                # It's a write-only pipe end, enable hack
                self.enableReadHack = True

        if self.enableReadHack:
            self.startReading()

    def fileno(self):
        """
        Return the fileno() of my process's stdin.
        """
        return self.fd

    def writeSomeData(self, data):
        """
        Write some data to the open process.
        """
        rv = fdesc.writeToFD(self.fd, data)
        if rv == len(data) and self.enableReadHack:
            self.startReading()
        return rv

    def write(self, data):
        self.stopReading()
        abstract.FileDescriptor.write(self, data)

    def doRead(self):
        """
        The only way a write pipe can become "readable" is at EOF, because the
        child has closed it, and we're using a reactor which doesn't
        distinguish between readable and closed (such as the select reactor).

        Except that's not true on linux < 2.6.11. It has the following
        characteristics: write pipe is completely empty => POLLOUT (writable in
        select), write pipe is not completely empty => POLLIN (readable in
        select), write pipe's reader closed => POLLIN|POLLERR (readable and
        writable in select)

        That's what this funky code is for. If linux was not broken, this
        function could be simply "return CONNECTION_LOST".

        BUG: We call select no matter what the reactor.
        If the reactor is pollreactor, and the fd is > 1024, this will fail.
        (only occurs on broken versions of linux, though).
        """
        if self.enableReadHack:
            if brokenLinuxPipeBehavior:
                fd = self.fd
                r, w, x = select.select([fd], [fd], [], 0)
                if r and w:
                    return CONNECTION_LOST
            else:
                return CONNECTION_LOST
        else:
            self.stopReading()

    def connectionLost(self, reason):
        """
        See abstract.FileDescriptor.connectionLost.
        """
        # At least on OS X 10.4, exiting while stdout is non-blocking can
        # result in data loss.  For some reason putting the file descriptor
        # back into blocking mode seems to resolve this issue.
        fdesc.setBlocking(self.fd)

        abstract.FileDescriptor.connectionLost(self, reason)
        self.proc.childConnectionLost(self.name, reason)



class ProcessReader(abstract.FileDescriptor):
    """
    ProcessReader

    I am a selectable representation of a process's output pipe, such as
    stdout and stderr.
    """
    connected = 1

    def __init__(self, reactor, proc, name, fileno):
        """
        Initialize, specifying a process to connect to.
        """
        abstract.FileDescriptor.__init__(self, reactor)
        fdesc.setNonBlocking(fileno)
        self.proc = proc
        self.name = name
        self.fd = fileno
        self.startReading()

    def fileno(self):
        """
        Return the fileno() of my process's stderr.
        """
        return self.fd

    def writeSomeData(self, data):
        # the only time this is actually called is after .loseConnection Any
        # actual write attempt would fail, so we must avoid that. This hack
        # allows us to use .loseConnection on both readers and writers.
        assert data == ""
        return CONNECTION_LOST

    def doRead(self):
        """
        This is called when the pipe becomes readable.
        """
        return fdesc.readFromFD(self.fd, self.dataReceived)

    def dataReceived(self, data):
        self.proc.childDataReceived(self.name, data)

    def loseConnection(self):
        if self.connected and not self.disconnecting:
            self.disconnecting = 1
            self.stopReading()
            self.reactor.callLater(0, self.connectionLost,
                                   failure.Failure(CONNECTION_DONE))

    def connectionLost(self, reason):
        """
        Close my end of the pipe, signal the Process (which signals the
        ProcessProtocol).
        """
        abstract.FileDescriptor.connectionLost(self, reason)
        self.proc.childConnectionLost(self.name, reason)


class _BaseProcess(BaseProcess, object):
    """
    Base class for Process and PTYProcess.
    """
    status = None
    pid = None

    def __init__(self, protocol):
        BaseProcess.__init__(self, protocol)
        if not signal.getsignal(signal.SIGCHLD):
            warnings.warn(
                error.PotentialZombieWarning.MESSAGE,
                error.PotentialZombieWarning,
                stacklevel=4)


    def reapProcess(self):
        """
        Try to reap a process (without blocking) via waitpid.

        This is called when sigchild is caught or a Process object loses its
        "connection" (stdout is closed) This ought to result in reaping all
        zombie processes, since it will be called twice as often as it needs
        to be.

        (Unfortunately, this is a slightly experimental approach, since
        UNIX has no way to be really sure that your process is going to
        go away w/o blocking.  I don't want to block.)
        """
        try:
            try:
                pid, status = os.waitpid(self.pid, os.WNOHANG)
            except OSError, e:
                if e.errno == errno.ECHILD:
                    # no child process
                    pid = None
                else:
                    raise
        except:
            log.msg('Failed to reap %d:' % self.pid)
            log.err()
            pid = None
        if pid:
            self.processEnded(status)
            unregisterReapProcessHandler(pid, self)


    def _getReason(self, status):
        exitCode = sig = None
        if os.WIFEXITED(status):
            exitCode = os.WEXITSTATUS(status)
        else:
            sig = os.WTERMSIG(status)
        if exitCode or sig:
            return error.ProcessTerminated(exitCode, sig, status)
        return error.ProcessDone(status)


    def signalProcess(self, signalID):
        """
        Send the given signal C{signalID} to the process. It'll translate a
        few signals ('HUP', 'STOP', 'INT', 'KILL', 'TERM') from a string
        representation to its int value, otherwise it'll pass directly the
        value provided

        @type signalID: C{str} or C{int}
        """
        if signalID in ('HUP', 'STOP', 'INT', 'KILL', 'TERM'):
            signalID = getattr(signal, 'SIG%s' % (signalID,))
        if self.pid is None:
            raise ProcessExitedAlready()
        os.kill(self.pid, signalID)


    def _fork(self, path, uid, gid, executable, args, environment, **kwargs):
        """
        Fork and then exec sub-process.

        @param path: the path where to run the new process.
        @type path: C{str}
        @param uid: if defined, the uid used to run the new process.
        @type uid: C{int}
        @param gid: if defined, the gid used to run the new process.
        @type gid: C{int}
        @param executable: the executable to run in a new process.
        @type executable: C{str}
        @param args: arguments used to create the new process.
        @type args: C{list}.
        @param environment: environment used for the new process.
        @type environment: C{dict}.
        @param kwargs: keyword arguments to L{_setupChild} method.
        """
        settingUID = (uid is not None) or (gid is not None)
        if settingUID:
            curegid = os.getegid()
            currgid = os.getgid()
            cureuid = os.geteuid()
            curruid = os.getuid()
            if uid is None:
                uid = cureuid
            if gid is None:
                gid = curegid
            # prepare to change UID in subprocess
            os.setuid(0)
            os.setgid(0)

        collectorEnabled = gc.isenabled()
        gc.disable()
        try:
            self.pid = os.fork()
        except:
            # Still in the parent process
            if settingUID:
                os.setregid(currgid, curegid)
                os.setreuid(curruid, cureuid)
            if collectorEnabled:
                gc.enable()
            raise
        else:
            if self.pid == 0: # pid is 0 in the child process
                # do not put *ANY* code outside the try block. The child process
                # must either exec or _exit. If it gets outside this block (due
                # to an exception that is not handled here, but which might be
                # handled higher up), there will be two copies of the parent
                # running in parallel, doing all kinds of damage.

                # After each change to this code, review it to make sure there
                # are no exit paths.
                try:
                    # Stop debugging. If I am, I don't care anymore.
                    sys.settrace(None)
                    self._setupChild(**kwargs)
                    self._execChild(path, settingUID, uid, gid,
                                    executable, args, environment)
                except:
                    # If there are errors, bail and try to write something
                    # descriptive to stderr.
                    # XXX: The parent's stderr isn't necessarily fd 2 anymore, or
                    #      even still available
                    # XXXX: however even libc assumes write(2, err) is a useful
                    #       thing to attempt
                    try:
                        stderr = os.fdopen(2, 'w')
                        stderr.write("Upon execvpe %s %s in environment %s\n:" %
                                     (executable, str(args),
                                      "id %s" % id(environment)))
                        traceback.print_exc(file=stderr)
                        stderr.flush()
                        for fd in range(3):
                            os.close(fd)
                    except:
                        pass # make *sure* the child terminates
                # Did you read the comment about not adding code here?
                os._exit(1)

        # we are now in parent process
        if settingUID:
            os.setregid(currgid, curegid)
            os.setreuid(curruid, cureuid)
        if collectorEnabled:
            gc.enable()
        self.status = -1 # this records the exit status of the child

    def _setupChild(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Setup the child process. Override in subclasses.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def _execChild(self, path, settingUID, uid, gid,
                   executable, args, environment):
        """
        The exec() which is done in the forked child.
        """
        if path:
            os.chdir(path)
        # set the UID before I actually exec the process
        if settingUID:
            switchUID(uid, gid)
        os.execvpe(executable, args, environment)

    def __repr__(self):
        """
        String representation of a process.
        """
        return "<%s pid=%s status=%s>" % (self.__class__.__name__,
                                          self.pid, self.status)

class Process(_BaseProcess):
    """
    An operating-system Process.

    This represents an operating-system process with arbitrary input/output
    pipes connected to it. Those pipes may represent standard input,
    standard output, and standard error, or any other file descriptor.

    On UNIX, this is implemented using fork(), exec(), pipe()
    and fcntl(). These calls may not exist elsewhere so this
    code is not cross-platform. (also, windows can only select
    on sockets...)
    """

    debug = False
    debug_child = False

    status = -1
    pid = None

    processWriterFactory = ProcessWriter
    processReaderFactory = ProcessReader

    def __init__(self,
                 reactor, executable, args, environment, path, proto,
                 uid=None, gid=None, childFDs=None):
        """
        Spawn an operating-system process.

        This is where the hard work of disconnecting all currently open
        files / forking / executing the new process happens.  (This is
        executed automatically when a Process is instantiated.)

        This will also run the subprocess as a given user ID and group ID, if
        specified.  (Implementation Note: this doesn't support all the arcane
        nuances of setXXuid on UNIX: it will assume that either your effective
        or real UID is 0.)
        """
        if not proto:
            assert 'r' not in childFDs.values()
            assert 'w' not in childFDs.values()
        _BaseProcess.__init__(self, proto)

        self.pipes = {}
        # keys are childFDs, we can sense them closing
        # values are ProcessReader/ProcessWriters

        helpers = {}
        # keys are childFDs
        # values are parentFDs

        if childFDs is None:
            childFDs = {0: "w", # we write to the child's stdin
                        1: "r", # we read from their stdout
                        2: "r", # and we read from their stderr
                        }

        debug = self.debug
        if debug: print "childFDs", childFDs

        _openedPipes = []
        def pipe():
            r, w = os.pipe()
            _openedPipes.extend([r, w])
            return r, w

        # fdmap.keys() are filenos of pipes that are used by the child.
        fdmap = {} # maps childFD to parentFD
        try:
            for childFD, target in childFDs.items():
                if debug: print "[%d]" % childFD, target
                if target == "r":
                    # we need a pipe that the parent can read from
                    readFD, writeFD = pipe()
                    if debug: print "readFD=%d, writeFD=%d" % (readFD, writeFD)
                    fdmap[childFD] = writeFD     # child writes to this
                    helpers[childFD] = readFD    # parent reads from this
                elif target == "w":
                    # we need a pipe that the parent can write to
                    readFD, writeFD = pipe()
                    if debug: print "readFD=%d, writeFD=%d" % (readFD, writeFD)
                    fdmap[childFD] = readFD      # child reads from this
                    helpers[childFD] = writeFD   # parent writes to this
                else:
                    assert type(target) == int, '%r should be an int' % (target,)
                    fdmap[childFD] = target      # parent ignores this
            if debug: print "fdmap", fdmap
            if debug: print "helpers", helpers
            # the child only cares about fdmap.values()

            self._fork(path, uid, gid, executable, args, environment, fdmap=fdmap)
        except:
            map(os.close, _openedPipes)
            raise

        # we are the parent process:
        self.proto = proto

        # arrange for the parent-side pipes to be read and written
        for childFD, parentFD in helpers.items():
            os.close(fdmap[childFD])

            if childFDs[childFD] == "r":
                reader = self.processReaderFactory(reactor, self, childFD,
                                        parentFD)
                self.pipes[childFD] = reader

            if childFDs[childFD] == "w":
                writer = self.processWriterFactory(reactor, self, childFD,
                                        parentFD, forceReadHack=True)
                self.pipes[childFD] = writer

        try:
            # the 'transport' is used for some compatibility methods
            if self.proto is not None:
                self.proto.makeConnection(self)
        except:
            log.err()
        registerReapProcessHandler(self.pid, self)

    def _setupChild(self, fdmap):
        """
        fdmap[childFD] = parentFD

        The child wants to end up with 'childFD' attached to what used to be
        the parent's parentFD. As an example, a bash command run like
        'command 2>&1' would correspond to an fdmap of {0:0, 1:1, 2:1}.
        'command >foo.txt' would be {0:0, 1:os.open('foo.txt'), 2:2}.

        This is accomplished in two steps::

            1. close all file descriptors that aren't values of fdmap.  This
               means 0 .. maxfds.

            2. for each childFD::

                 - if fdmap[childFD] == childFD, the descriptor is already in
                   place.  Make sure the CLOEXEC flag is not set, then delete
                   the entry from fdmap.

                 - if childFD is in fdmap.values(), then the target descriptor
                   is busy. Use os.dup() to move it elsewhere, update all
                   fdmap[childFD] items that point to it, then close the
                   original. Then fall through to the next case.

                 - now fdmap[childFD] is not in fdmap.values(), and is free.
                   Use os.dup2() to move it to the right place, then close the
                   original.
        """

        debug = self.debug_child
        if debug:
            errfd = sys.stderr
            errfd.write("starting _setupChild\n")

        destList = fdmap.values()
        try:
            import resource
            maxfds = resource.getrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_NOFILE)[1] + 1
            # OS-X reports 9223372036854775808. That's a lot of fds to close
            if maxfds > 1024:
                maxfds = 1024
        except:
            maxfds = 256

        for fd in xrange(maxfds):
            if fd in destList:
                continue
            if debug and fd == errfd.fileno():
                continue
            try:
                os.close(fd)
            except:
                pass

        # at this point, the only fds still open are the ones that need to
        # be moved to their appropriate positions in the child (the targets
        # of fdmap, i.e. fdmap.values() )

        if debug: print >>errfd, "fdmap", fdmap
        childlist = fdmap.keys()
        childlist.sort()

        for child in childlist:
            target = fdmap[child]
            if target == child:
                # fd is already in place
                if debug: print >>errfd, "%d already in place" % target
                fdesc._unsetCloseOnExec(child)
            else:
                if child in fdmap.values():
                    # we can't replace child-fd yet, as some other mapping
                    # still needs the fd it wants to target. We must preserve
                    # that old fd by duping it to a new home.
                    newtarget = os.dup(child) # give it a safe home
                    if debug: print >>errfd, "os.dup(%d) -> %d" % (child,
                                                                   newtarget)
                    os.close(child) # close the original
                    for c, p in fdmap.items():
                        if p == child:
                            fdmap[c] = newtarget # update all pointers
                # now it should be available
                if debug: print >>errfd, "os.dup2(%d,%d)" % (target, child)
                os.dup2(target, child)

        # At this point, the child has everything it needs. We want to close
        # everything that isn't going to be used by the child, i.e.
        # everything not in fdmap.keys(). The only remaining fds open are
        # those in fdmap.values().

        # Any given fd may appear in fdmap.values() multiple times, so we
        # need to remove duplicates first.

        old = []
        for fd in fdmap.values():
            if not fd in old:
                if not fd in fdmap.keys():
                    old.append(fd)
        if debug: print >>errfd, "old", old
        for fd in old:
            os.close(fd)

    def writeToChild(self, childFD, data):
        self.pipes[childFD].write(data)

    def closeChildFD(self, childFD):
        # for writer pipes, loseConnection tries to write the remaining data
        # out to the pipe before closing it
        # if childFD is not in the list of pipes, assume that it is already
        # closed
        if childFD in self.pipes:
            self.pipes[childFD].loseConnection()

    def pauseProducing(self):
        for p in self.pipes.itervalues():
            if isinstance(p, ProcessReader):
                p.stopReading()

    def resumeProducing(self):
        for p in self.pipes.itervalues():
            if isinstance(p, ProcessReader):
                p.startReading()

    # compatibility
    def closeStdin(self):
        """
        Call this to close standard input on this process.
        """
        self.closeChildFD(0)

    def closeStdout(self):
        self.closeChildFD(1)

    def closeStderr(self):
        self.closeChildFD(2)

    def loseConnection(self):
        self.closeStdin()
        self.closeStderr()
        self.closeStdout()

    def write(self, data):
        """
        Call this to write to standard input on this process.

        NOTE: This will silently lose data if there is no standard input.
        """
        if 0 in self.pipes:
            self.pipes[0].write(data)

    def registerProducer(self, producer, streaming):
        """
        Call this to register producer for standard input.

        If there is no standard input producer.stopProducing() will
        be called immediately.
        """
        if 0 in self.pipes:
            self.pipes[0].registerProducer(producer, streaming)
        else:
            producer.stopProducing()

    def unregisterProducer(self):
        """
        Call this to unregister producer for standard input."""
        if 0 in self.pipes:
            self.pipes[0].unregisterProducer()

    def writeSequence(self, seq):
        """
        Call this to write to standard input on this process.

        NOTE: This will silently lose data if there is no standard input.
        """
        if 0 in self.pipes:
            self.pipes[0].writeSequence(seq)


    def childDataReceived(self, name, data):
        self.proto.childDataReceived(name, data)


    def childConnectionLost(self, childFD, reason):
        # this is called when one of the helpers (ProcessReader or
        # ProcessWriter) notices their pipe has been closed
        os.close(self.pipes[childFD].fileno())
        del self.pipes[childFD]
        try:
            self.proto.childConnectionLost(childFD)
        except:
            log.err()
        self.maybeCallProcessEnded()

    def maybeCallProcessEnded(self):
        # we don't call ProcessProtocol.processEnded until:
        #  the child has terminated, AND
        #  all writers have indicated an error status, AND
        #  all readers have indicated EOF
        # This insures that we've gathered all output from the process.
        if self.pipes:
            return
        if not self.lostProcess:
            self.reapProcess()
            return
        _BaseProcess.maybeCallProcessEnded(self)


class PTYProcess(abstract.FileDescriptor, _BaseProcess):
    """
    An operating-system Process that uses PTY support.
    """
    status = -1
    pid = None

    def __init__(self, reactor, executable, args, environment, path, proto,
                 uid=None, gid=None, usePTY=None):
        """
        Spawn an operating-system process.

        This is where the hard work of disconnecting all currently open
        files / forking / executing the new process happens.  (This is
        executed automatically when a Process is instantiated.)

        This will also run the subprocess as a given user ID and group ID, if
        specified.  (Implementation Note: this doesn't support all the arcane
        nuances of setXXuid on UNIX: it will assume that either your effective
        or real UID is 0.)
        """
        if pty is None and not isinstance(usePTY, (tuple, list)):
            # no pty module and we didn't get a pty to use
            raise NotImplementedError(
                "cannot use PTYProcess on platforms without the pty module.")
        abstract.FileDescriptor.__init__(self, reactor)
        _BaseProcess.__init__(self, proto)

        if isinstance(usePTY, (tuple, list)):
            masterfd, slavefd, ttyname = usePTY
        else:
            masterfd, slavefd = pty.openpty()
            ttyname = os.ttyname(slavefd)

        try:
            self._fork(path, uid, gid, executable, args, environment,
                       masterfd=masterfd, slavefd=slavefd)
        except:
            if not isinstance(usePTY, (tuple, list)):
                os.close(masterfd)
                os.close(slavefd)
            raise

        # we are now in parent process:
        os.close(slavefd)
        fdesc.setNonBlocking(masterfd)
        self.fd = masterfd
        self.startReading()
        self.connected = 1
        self.status = -1
        try:
            self.proto.makeConnection(self)
        except:
            log.err()
        registerReapProcessHandler(self.pid, self)

    def _setupChild(self, masterfd, slavefd):
        """
        Setup child process after fork() but before exec().
        """
        os.close(masterfd)
        if hasattr(termios, 'TIOCNOTTY'):
            try:
                fd = os.open("/dev/tty", os.O_RDWR | os.O_NOCTTY)
            except OSError:
                pass
            else:
                try:
                    fcntl.ioctl(fd, termios.TIOCNOTTY, '')
                except:
                    pass
                os.close(fd)

        os.setsid()

        if hasattr(termios, 'TIOCSCTTY'):
            fcntl.ioctl(slavefd, termios.TIOCSCTTY, '')

        for fd in range(3):
            if fd != slavefd:
                os.close(fd)

        os.dup2(slavefd, 0) # stdin
        os.dup2(slavefd, 1) # stdout
        os.dup2(slavefd, 2) # stderr

        for fd in xrange(3, 256):
            try:
                os.close(fd)
            except:
                pass

    # PTYs do not have stdin/stdout/stderr. They only have in and out, just
    # like sockets. You cannot close one without closing off the entire PTY.
    def closeStdin(self):
        pass

    def closeStdout(self):
        pass

    def closeStderr(self):
        pass

    def doRead(self):
        """
        Called when my standard output stream is ready for reading.
        """
        return fdesc.readFromFD(
            self.fd,
            lambda data: self.proto.childDataReceived(1, data))

    def fileno(self):
        """
        This returns the file number of standard output on this process.
        """
        return self.fd

    def maybeCallProcessEnded(self):
        # two things must happen before we call the ProcessProtocol's
        # processEnded method. 1: the child process must die and be reaped
        # (which calls our own processEnded method). 2: the child must close
        # their stdin/stdout/stderr fds, causing the pty to close, causing
        # our connectionLost method to be called. #2 can also be triggered
        # by calling .loseConnection().
        if self.lostProcess == 2:
            _BaseProcess.maybeCallProcessEnded(self)

    def connectionLost(self, reason):
        """
        I call this to clean up when one or all of my connections has died.
        """
        abstract.FileDescriptor.connectionLost(self, reason)
        os.close(self.fd)
        self.lostProcess += 1
        self.maybeCallProcessEnded()

    def writeSomeData(self, data):
        """
        Write some data to the open process.
        """
        return fdesc.writeToFD(self.fd, data)